On whom are toxicological studies primarily conducted?

Toxicological studies are primarily conducted on animals because they provide essential insights into the effects of substances on biological systems without posing risks to human health. These studies help researchers assess safety, efficacy, potential side effects, and mechanisms of action for drugs or chemicals before they are tested in human clinical trials. Animals, often rodents, are used due to their similar physiological responses to humans, making them a suitable model for predicting human reactions.

Conducting such studies on humans directly poses ethical and practical challenges, as it could lead to harmful effects on participants. While plants can also be subjects of toxicological studies, especially in the context of environmental assessments, they do not serve the same purpose as animal testing in drug development and safety evaluation. The choice to focus on animals allows for a more controlled environment where variables can be managed, providing clearer insights into potential human health impacts. Thus, animal subjects are central to toxicity testing protocols in pharmaceuticals and other fields, justifying why this choice is correct.